Hydrological impact of a reservoir network in the upper Gan River Basin,China     

Ningpeng Dong  Zhongbo Yu  Chuanguo Yang  Mingxiang Yang  Wenzhuo Wang 《水文研究》2019,33(12):1709-1723

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Spatiotemporal variability in hydrochemistry of shallow groundwater in a small pre‐alpine catchment: The importance of landscape elements     

Leonie Kiewiet  Jana von Freyberg  H.J. van Meerveld 《水文研究》2019,33(19):2502-2522

Topography and landscape characteristics affect the storage and release of water and, thus, groundwater dynamics and chemistry. Quantification of catchment scale variability in groundwater chemistry and groundwater dynamics may therefore help to delineate different groundwater types and improve our understanding of which parts of the catchment contribute to streamflow. We sampled shallow groundwater from 34 to 47 wells and streamflow at seven locations in a 20‐ha steep mountainous catchment in the Swiss pre‐Alps, during nine baseflow snapshot campaigns. The spatial variability in electrical conductivity, stable water isotopic composition, and major and trace ion concentrations was large and for almost all parameters larger than the temporal variability. Concentrations of copper, zinc, and lead were highest at sites that were relatively dry, whereas concentrations of manganese and iron were highest at sites that had persistent shallow groundwater levels. The major cation and anion concentrations were only weakly correlated to individual topographic or hydrodynamic characteristics. However, we could distinguish four shallow groundwater types based on differences from the catchment average concentrations: riparian zone‐like groundwater, hillslopes and areas with small upslope contributing areas, deeper groundwater, and sites characterized by high magnesium and sulfate concentrations that likely reflect different bedrock material. Baseflow was not an equal mixture of the different groundwater types. For the majority of the campaigns, baseflow chemistry most strongly resembled riparian‐like groundwater for all but one subcatchment. However, the similarity to the hillslope‐type groundwater was larger shortly after snowmelt, reflecting differences in hydrologic connectivity. We expect that similar groundwater types can be found in other catchments with steep hillslopes and wet areas with shallow groundwater levels and recommend sampling of groundwater from all landscape elements to understand groundwater chemistry and groundwater contributions to streamflow.  相似文献   

Spatial variability in specific discharge and streamwater chemistry during low flows: Results from snapshot sampling campaigns in eleven Swiss catchments     

Marius G. Floriancic  Benjamin M. C. Fischer  Peter Molnar  James W. Kirchner  Ilja H.J. van Meerveld 《水文研究》2019,33(22):2847-2866

Catchments consist of distinct landforms that affect the storage and release of subsurface water. Certain landforms may be the main contributors to streamflow during extended dry periods, and these may vary for different catchments in a given region. We present a unique dataset from snapshot field campaigns during low‐flow conditions in 11 catchments across Switzerland to illustrate this. The catchments differed in size (10 to 110 km²), varied from predominantly agricultural lowlands to Alpine areas, and covered a range of physical characteristics. During each snapshot campaign, we jointly measured streamflow and collected water samples for the analysis of major ions and stable water isotopes. For every sampling location (basin), we determined several landscape characteristics from national geo‐datasets, including drainage area, elevation, slope, flowpath length, dominant land use, and geological and geomorphological characteristics, such as the lithology and fraction of quaternary deposits. The results demonstrate very large spatial variability in specific low‐flow discharge and water chemistry: Neighboring sampling locations could differ significantly in their specific discharge, isotopic composition, and ion concentrations, indicating that different sources contribute to streamflow during extended dry periods. However, none of the landscape characteristics that we analysed could explain the spatial variability in specific discharge or streamwater chemistry in multiple catchments. This suggests that local features determine the spatial differences in discharge and water chemistry during low‐flow conditions and that this variability cannot be assessed a priori from available geodata and statistical relations to landscape characteristics. The results furthermore suggest that measurements at the catchment outlet during low‐flow conditions do not reflect the heterogeneity of the different source areas in the catchment that contribute to streamflow.  相似文献   

黑方台台塬斜坡变形破坏的结构面效应研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

刘亚峰  刘高  陈小军  黄迪  赵栋 《地震工程学报》2019,41(4):908-915

结构面对于黑方台台塬斜坡变形破坏的影响研究成果较多,但以单方面研究为主,较少进行系统研究,因此通过对黑方台台塬结构面类型及其组合特征以及斜坡变形破坏类型和特征的分析可知:研究区结构面类型主要包括节理裂隙、层面、接触面、断层和临空面,结构面组合类型分2大类8小类,各类型具有自身的结构特征和分布特征;结构面及其组合对黑方台台塬斜坡变形破坏类型选择和空间分布选择控制效应明显,特别是对滑坡类型选择和空间分布的影响。  相似文献   

基于ANSYS的新型乡村抗震防灾适宜性规划模型分析          下载免费PDF全文

黄健文 《地震工程学报》2019,41(4):1060-1065

当前新型乡村抗震防灾适宜性规划分析中通常采用地质分区方法对勘测点进行分析,在分析过程中忽略了GIS空间的复杂性,且未对评价指标加权分析,导致抗震适宜性评价指标量化过程过于主观,存在计算结果与实际结果拟合度低的问题。据此,提出基于ANSYS的新型乡村抗震防灾适宜性规划模型分析。考虑到GIS的空间复杂性,采用ANSYS在GIS空间进行有限元结构场修正操作,结合Logistic非线性回归模型,对乡村土地抗震防灾适宜性规划中的二分类变量数据进行非线性回归分析。为了防止计算数值过于主观,采用组合熵系数模型对Logistic方程计算得来的评价指标加权,由此完成基于ANSYS的新型乡村抗震防灾适宜性规划模型分析。经过实例分析证明,所提方法求出的计算结果与实际结果拟合度较高,能成功完成评价指标的量化,对乡村抗震防灾适宜性规划分析更加客观。  相似文献   

晋冀蒙交界地区中小地震视应力时空分布特征     

张丽晓  张磊  闫俊岗  申炫烨 《地震地磁观测与研究》2019,40(4):28-36

选取晋冀蒙交界地区固定和临时测震台网记录的2014-2016年地震波形资料，采用近震Brune模型，结合遗传算法，反演计算298次M_L ≥ 2.0中小地震视应力值，分析震源参数之间的标度关系，并按照震中分区，分析不同地区视应力时序变化特征及不同震级区间视应力空间分布特征，发现该区多处存在视应力高值现象，地震多发生于视应力高值异常及附近地区，与断裂带有一定对应关系。  相似文献   

洱海沉积物有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)三维荧光空间分布特性及指示意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵海超  李艳平  王圣瑞  焦立新 《湖泊科学》2019,31(2):507-516

采用荧光光谱区域体积积分法定量研究洱海沉积物有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）三维荧光空间分布特性，结果表明，洱海沉积物CDOM中类腐殖酸组分占比最高（44.5%~74.2%），其次为溶解性微生物代谢产物（10.7%~20.4%）和类富里酸物质（8.19%~19.7%），而类蛋白组分占比最低，类腐殖酸占比与H/C和N/C均呈显著负相关；南部湖心平台区域沉积物类富里酸和类蛋白组分占比较高，其CDOM自生源占比较高；北部水生植物分布区溶解性微生物代谢产物占比较高，CDOM陆源性较强；中部深水区及南北湖湾区域类腐殖酸占比较高，随水深增加沉积物CDOM自生源特征增强.随沉积物深度增加类腐殖酸和溶解性微生物代谢产物占比呈下降趋势，类富里酸占比呈上升趋势，CDOM自生源特征增强，脂肪化程度增高.随湖泊富营养化程度增加沉积物CDOM受微生物代谢产物影响增强，陆源性增加，而自生源性降低，湖泊沉积物CDOM具有富营养化指示意义.  相似文献   

巢湖微囊藻毒素异构体组成的时空分布特征及影响因子     

余丽  朱广伟  孔繁翔  李胜男  史小丽  张民  阳振  许海  朱梦圆 《湖泊科学》2019,31(3):700-713

有害蓝藻释放微囊藻毒素（MCs），严重威胁饮用水源地用水安全.为了解巢湖MCs污染状况及其异构体组成对水质的影响，于2012年夏季（8月）和秋季（11月），2013年冬季（2月）和春季（5月）进行采样分析，研究了巢湖水体中胞内微囊藻毒素（IMCs）和胞外微囊藻毒素（EMCs）异构体的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系.结果发现，IMCs和EMCs的平均浓度变化范围分别为0.12~6.45 μg/L和0.69~1.92 μg/L.在3种常见的异构体中，MC-RR和MC-LR比例较高，MC-YR最低，MC-RR和MC-LR是巢湖水体中MCs的主要异构体类型.IMCs和EMCs的异构体浓度及其比例呈现不同的时空分布特征.微囊藻生物量、水温、总磷浓度是影响IMCs和EMCs异构体浓度及其组成变化的关键环境因子.本研究表明巢湖富营养化严重的西湖区夏季能合成更多的MC-RR异构体，而秋、冬季节偏向于释放生理毒性更强的MC-LR异构体.了解MCs异构体组成变化及其关键影响因素，有助于预测预警水体MCs污染状况和评估饮用水源地MCs风险.  相似文献   

筑坝拦截对黑河河道沉积物粒度空间分布的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

王昱  连运涛  冯起  王之君  赵维俊  刘娟娟  卢世国  张昕雨 《湖泊科学》2019,31(5):1459-1467

河流沉积物对流域环境变化具有敏感响应，其粒度参数能反映沉积环境中物质来源和水动力环境.本文以黑河流域上中游为研究区域，探究河流沉积物粒度对流域环境变化的响应.从黑河上中游干流22个主要控制断面采集河床沉积物样品，采用筛分法和吸管法对沉积物样品粒度参数进行测定，并分析其空间分布规律对筑坝拦截为主的环境改变响应.研究结果表明：受梯级水库建设影响，黑河上中游泥沙粒径大小差异显著.干流库区泥沙粒径较自然河段明显减小，分选很好，呈正偏或极正偏尖锐分布，而且在库区不同沉积高度上表现出分层沉积特征；坝下游河段因遭受强烈冲刷，较自然河段泥沙粒径粗化显著，分选变差，偏态趋向极正偏，峰态尖锐化；水库回水区受水库壅水及下泄清水的双重制约，泥沙粒度参数介于自然河段和坝下游河段之间，整体分选中等，呈极正偏尖锐分布；沉积环境分析表明，上游支流河段沉积物粒度特征受泥沙供给和物源特征的影响较水动力条件显著，干流河段沉积物粒度特征主要受水动力条件控制.研究结果既符合河流上中游沉积物粒度分布规律，也反映了河流环境变化对沉积物粒度组成的影响.  相似文献   

Influence of length effect on embankment slope reliability in 3D          下载免费PDF全文

Michael A. Hicks  Yajun Li 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(7):891-915

Embankment slopes composed of spatially variable soils have a variety of different failure modes that are affected by the correlation distances of the material properties and the geometry and total length of the slope. This paper examines the reliability of soil slopes for embankments of different length and uses parallel computing to analyse very long embankments (up to 100 times the embankment height) for a clay soil characterised by a spatially varying undrained shear strength. Based on a series of analyses using the 3D random finite element method (RFEM), it is first shown that the reliability of slopes of various length can be efficiently computed by combining simple probability theory with a detailed 3D RFEM analysis of a representative shorter slope of length 10 times the slope height. RFEM predictions of reliability indices for longer slopes are then compared with results obtained using Vanmarcke's (1977a) simplified 3D method and Calle's (1985) extended 2D approach. It is shown that these methods can give significantly different results, depending on the horizontal scale of fluctuation relative to the slope length, with RFEM predicting a lower slope reliability than the Vanmarcke and Calle solutions in all cases. The differences in the solutions are evaluated and attributed to differences in the assumed and computed failure surface geometries.  相似文献